著者：Daniel Wolfson and Nathaniel Moore
Abstract
This chapter reviews orthodontic complications. Patients with orthodontic appliances may present after traumatic injury or with atraumatic discomfort. They may have bleeding, lacerations or anxiety. Food, candy or gum may become impacted causing gingival infection. Treatment includes oral hygiene, local anesthetic, releasing mucosa from mechanical attachments and redirection of any exposed sharp wire ends.
Keywords
gingival infection
orthodontic complications
